What is gibbs duhem equation?

The Gibbs-Duhem equation is a mathematical relationship that describes the change in chemical potential of a substance in a mixture with respect to changes in the composition of the mixture. It is named after the American physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs and the Austrian chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius.

The equation is expressed as:

Σx_i dμ_i = 0

Where:

• Σx_i is the sum of the mole fractions of all components in the mixture
• dμ_i is the change in the chemical potential of each component i in the mixture

The Gibbs-Duhem equation is a consequence of the fact that in a closed system, the total number of particles is constant and therefore the sum of the mole fractions must remain constant. This equation is commonly used in thermodynamics to analyze the behavior of mixtures of substances and to predict phase equilibria.

Overall, the Gibbs-Duhem equation provides valuable information about the relationships between the chemical potentials of different components in a mixture and helps in understanding the thermodynamic properties of mixtures.